"International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment"

Fossil fuel extraction, encompassing coal, oil, and natural gas, has been a cornerstone of industrial development and economic growth for over a century. However, the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel extraction are profound and multifaceted. This review paper examines the environmental consequences of fossil fuel extraction, including land degradation, water pollution, air pollution, and biodiversity loss, drawing on a wide range of previous studies. It also explores the socio-economic impacts on local communities and discusses potential mitigation strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of fossil fuel extraction.