"International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment"

This research aimed to assess the influence of anthropogenic activities on groundwater, specifically focusing on nitrate concentrations in the Budgam district and potential health risks to the local population. Thirty sampling sites underwent a comprehensive physicochemical analysis, including key anthropogenic indicators such as sulfate, chloride, phosphate, fluoride, and nitrate. The hydrogeochemical data from these sites indicated that concentrations of nearly all parameters adhered to the permissible limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Notably, chloride ranged from 25-90 mg/l, sulfate from 25-90 mg/l, phosphates from 0.01-0.3 mg/l, and fluoride from 0.01 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l. Nitrate concentrations fluctuated between 8 and 25 mg/l, with an average value of 15.32 mg/l, peaking at sites S1 (Soibugh) and S29 (Kralpora) and reaching the lowest at site S9 (Larikpora). The examination of nitrate concentrations across the summer and winter seasons revealed a moderate spatial seasonal variation in the study area's groundwater. Most sample sites exhibited higher nitrate concentrations during the summer, potentially linked to agricultural activities and the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. This study suggests that while the current impact of anthropogenic activities in the study area is relatively low, there has been an increase compared to previous assessments. The insights gained from this research can contribute to the development of an effective groundwater management strategy in the future.